Calculate a residual from an observed value and a predicted value
Problem
An observed value is \(18\) and the predicted value is \(15\). Find the residual.
Big Picture
What this problem is really about
A residual measures the signed vertical error of a model, so subtraction order matters. Always compute observed minus predicted; the magnitude tells how far the prediction missed, while the sign tells whether the observation lies above or below the predicted value.
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