Rewrite a cause-and-effect claim as an association claim
Problem
Given an observed negative association between screen time and sleep quality, with no randomized causal evidence, state the warranted association claim and its causation limitation.
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What this problem is really about
Rewriting a causal claim requires preserving the variables and observed direction while lowering only the evidentiary force. Replace cause-and-effect verbs with tendency or association language, then state that the pattern does not identify a causal direction because third variables or reverse causation may still explain it.
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