Children with larger shoe sizes tend to read more words per minute. Identify a plausible common cause that can increase \(\text{both}~\text{variables}\) and state why the association does not show that larger shoes improve reading.
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What this problem is really about
A credible common-cause explanation needs more than a vaguely related third variable. Draw two separate pathways from the candidate—one to each measured variable—and explain a plausible mechanism along both arrows; if that structure can generate the observed pairing, the direct link between the measured variables is not established.
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