Problem

Voters are randomly sampled from a roster, their opinions are recorded, and no treatment is assigned. State the supported population scope, causal limit, and study type.

Big Picture

What this problem is really about

Trace two separate stages of the design. Random sampling answers who enters and supports uncertain generalization to the frame-covered population; random assignment answers which imposed condition an enrolled unit receives and supports causal treatment comparison. One form of randomness cannot substitute for the other, so study type and inference limits depend on which stages actually occurred.

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Random sampling supports neither generalization nor causation because no treatment was assigned. Therefore the roster-based survey can describe only the sampled voters themselves.

Random sampling supplies a causal opinion effect, while the absent assignment step would have supplied population generalization. Therefore this is a randomized experiment rather than an observational survey.

Random sampling supports generalization to roster-covered voters, and it also counts as random treatment assignment. Therefore both population generalization and causal inference follow in a randomized experiment.

Random sampling supports generalization to the roster-covered voter population with uncertainty. There is no random assignment, so no causal treatment conclusion; this is an observational sample survey.

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Voters are randomly sampled from a roster, their opinions are recorded, and no treatment is assigned. State the supported population scope, causal limit, and study type.

What this problem is really about

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