A headline states, “The supplement improves memory based on study results.” Classify the claim and state the design and sampling evidence needed to support it.
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Separate a report's claim from the evidence offered for it. Identify the target, explanatory condition, response, direction, and strength of the verb; language saying one condition improves an outcome is causal rather than merely descriptive or associative. Causal support requires valid assignment and control evidence, while population scope requires separate sampling or recruitment evidence.
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