Classify a statistical claim as correlational or causal
Problem
Is this claim correlational or causal? Students who sleep more tend to have higher scores.
Big Picture
What this problem is really about
Claim wording reveals the level of evidence being asserted. Phrases such as “tends to” or “is associated with” describe variables occurring together, while causal language says that changing one produces a change in the other and therefore requires a design or evidence capable of ruling out alternative explanations.
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