Classify a statistical claim as correlational or causal
Problem
Is this claim correlational or causal? Extra sleep causes higher scores.
Big Picture
What this problem is really about
Statistical claim type is determined by the relationship the wording asserts, not by whether the variables sound plausibly connected. We’ll distinguish language of association from language saying one variable produces change in another. The verb causes makes an intervention-level claim that demands stronger design evidence than an observed pattern or correlation can provide.
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