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M1-059-R04-V03
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S-ID.9
Core
M1-059-R04-V03
Distinguish correlation from causation.
Use time order to detect reverse causation
Problem
Students who request more tutoring have lower initial test scores. Classify 'lower preparation \(\to~\) more tutoring requests' and whether 'tutoring \(\to~\) lower scores' is established.
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A
observed=no association; reverse direction=irrelevant; forward direction=not established; causal conclusion=none
B
observed=more tutoring requests associated with lower initial scores; reverse direction=lower preparation -> more tutoring requests is proven; forward direction=tutoring -> lower initial scores is not established; causal conclusion=reverse proven
C
observed=more tutoring requests associated with lower initial scores; reverse direction=lower preparation -> more tutoring requests is plausible; forward direction=tutoring -> lower initial scores is not established; causal conclusion=none
D
observed=more tutoring requests associated with lower initial scores; reverse direction=lower preparation -> more tutoring requests is plausible; forward direction=tutoring -> lower initial scores is established; causal conclusion=forward proven
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Curriculum context
Standard S-ID.9
Category Statistics and Probability
Domain Interpreting Categorical and Quantitative Data
Objective Distinguish correlation from causation.
Problem type Use time order to detect reverse causation
