Problem

Patients are selected by simple random sampling from a complete disease registry. Analyze the sampling frame, selection bias, population generalization, uncertainty, and causal limits.

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The frame covers registry patients, not unregistered patients. Random sampling reduces selection bias and supports generalization to registry-covered patients, and it also establishes causal treatment effects.

The registry frame covers every person with the disease. Random sampling eliminates sampling and nonresponse uncertainty and supports certain conclusions about all patients, but not causation.

The frame covers registry patients, not unregistered patients. Random sampling reduces selection bias within the registry and supports generalization to registry-covered patients, not causation.

The frame is only the patients who responded. Treating the sample as nonrandom still supports generalization to all disease patients without uncertainty, but it does not establish causation.

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Patients are selected by simple random sampling from a complete disease registry. Analyze the sampling frame, selection bias, population generalization, uncertainty, and causal limits.

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