Problem

A randomized study reports tutoring minus control homework completion \(=~+12~\text{percentage}~\text{points}\), \(p~=~0.04\), and \(\text{alpha}~=~0.05\). Interpret the direction, statistical evidence, causal scope, and limits on generalization and practical importance.

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The observed completion rate is 12 percentage points higher and p < alpha, so there is evidence tutoring increases completion among randomized participants under design assumptions.

The observed completion rate is 12 percentage points higher and p < alpha, so there is evidence tutoring increases completion and the result generalizes to every population.

The observed completion rate is 12 percentage points higher and p < alpha, so there is statistical evidence of an increase and the p-value proves practical importance.

The observed completion rate is 12 percentage points lower because control is subtracted from tutoring; p < alpha, so there is evidence tutoring reduces completion.

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A randomized study reports tutoring minus control homework completion \(=~+12~\text{percentage}~\text{points}\), \(p~=~0.04\), and \(\text{alpha}~=~0.05\). Interpret the direction, statistical evidence, causal scope, and limits on generalization and practical importance.

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