Problem

Patients self-assign to a drug or placebo. Explain the confounding and causal-inference limits, and keep sampling scope separate.

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Different conditions are observed without random assignment; despite possible confounding, the design supports a causal drug comparison among participants.

Patients choose their treatment, which makes them representative of the population and supports both generalization and causal attribution.

There is no random assignment: self-selection can leave confounding, so causal attribution is not supported without stronger assumptions; sampling scope is separate.

Patients self-select drug or placebo, but self-selection balances confounders in expectation and supports causal attribution; sampling scope is separate.

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Patients self-assign to a drug or placebo. Explain the confounding and causal-inference limits, and keep sampling scope separate.

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