Problem

Current evidence links self-selected fertilizer use with crop yield. Identify the strongest feasible causal study design and state the assignment, comparison conditions, and scope limitation that make it stronger.

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Randomly assign comparable field plots to fertilizer or control; this proves the fertilizer has the same effect in every possible condition.

Randomly assign comparable field plots to fertilizer or control under common conditions; this strengthens causal evidence for yield within the studied conditions.

Let comparable field plots choose fertilizer or control under common conditions; this leaves fertilizer assignment nonrandom.

Interview more farmers about their fertilizer choices and yields; this increases sample size but leaves fertilizer selection nonrandom.

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Current evidence links self-selected fertilizer use with crop yield. Identify the strongest feasible causal study design and state the assignment, comparison conditions, and scope limitation that make it stronger.

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