Problem

Current evidence links neighborhood air-filter ownership with fewer asthma symptoms. Identify the strongest feasible causal study design and state the assignment, outcome protocol, and scope conditions that make it stronger.

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Provide filters or control devices without random assignment and compare symptoms; this leaves provision subject to selection bias.

Collect a larger ownership survey about filters and symptoms; this increases sample size but leaves filter ownership self-selected.

Randomly provide filters or control devices with a symptom protocol; this proves the same effect for every household.

Randomly provide filters or control devices and use a prespecified symptom protocol; this strengthens causal evidence without post-outcome exclusions.

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Current evidence links neighborhood air-filter ownership with fewer asthma symptoms. Identify the strongest feasible causal study design and state the assignment, outcome protocol, and scope conditions that make it stronger.

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